U.S.-China Relations in Reminiscent: Towards A Realistic New Model of Major-country Relations

This paper analyzes U.S.- China relations since the 2000s by critiquing realism, liberalism, and constructivism, and introducing the Chinese “Theory of International Symbiosis.” It argues that Western theories, while insightful, are often limited by conflict-oriented, Western-centric assumptions. In contrast, the Symbiosis School, grounded in relationality and pluralism, offers a transformative framework for conceptualizing major-power relations. Examining the shift from strategic engagement to overt rivalry, the study concludes that a pragmatic “New Model of Major-Country Relations” is achievable through long-term engagement. This necessitates leveraging symbiotic interdependencies to transcend zero-sum dynamics and foster stable, managed coexistence amidst inevitable competition.