Traditional Medicine in Transition in Uganda: Past, Present and Future

Traditional medicine has played a significant role in Uganda’s healthcare system, with traditional birth attendants, bone setters, and herbalists being key practitioners. Despite advancements in modern medicine, a considerable portion of the population continues to rely on traditional medicine due to accessibility, cultural beliefs, and affordability [ 1 ]. This study explored the role of traditional medicine in Uganda, and how it has been evolving overtime. We assessed the changes in practices, perceptions, and beliefs traditional medicine and how it is integration with conventional medicine in Uganda. The study employed ethnobotanical techniques, including interviews and fcus group discussions [ 2 ] with practitioners and healthcare professionals, as well as a review of policy documents. We interviewed over 120 practitioners throughout Uganda, representing all regions and a range of practices in the country. The results indicate a gradual shift in the perception of traditional medicine, with increasing efforts to regulate and formalize its practice. While traditional birth attendants have faced restrictions due to maternal health policies, traditional bone setters and herbalists continue to operate, often integrating modern medical knowledge into their practice. The study also highlighted the challenges of regulating traditional medicine, including inadequate documentation, lack of standardized training, and tensions with formal healthcare providers. The research concludes that despite these challenges, traditional medicine remains a crucial aspect of Uganda’s healthcare system. Efforts to harmonize traditional and modern practices could enhance patient outcomes and preserve valuable indigenous knowledge. Integrating traditional medicine into Uganda’s formal healthcare system, supported by research and policy development, could improve healthcare accessibility and foster collaboration between traditional and modern practitioners. Publication History Article published online: 05 March 2026 © 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany