Human–Robot Interaction in the AEC Industry: A Review of Augmented and Mixed Reality Applications

With the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry transitioning towards Industry 5.0, there is a growing emphasis on human–robot interaction (HRI) technologies to tackle precision, safety, and efficiency challenges. Over time augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) have emerged as transformative tools, enabling seamless collaboration between humans and robots. AR provides real-time visual overlays to enhance situational awareness and task execution, while MR extends these capabilities by integrating physical and virtual environments for immersive and interactive experiences. This paper explores the application of AR and MR to enhance HRI in the AEC industry. Key findings demonstrate that AR/MR technologies improve task accuracy, reduce cognitive load, reduce completion time, enhance safety, and foster collaboration by facilitating digital twin simulations, robotic assembly, and immersive training environments. The study also examines the challenges of AR/MR integration and identifies future opportunities to advance HRI in the AEC sector.