Exploring the Impact of Discontinuous Murals in Extra-Long Tunnels on Drivers’ Attention

Prolonged driving in tunnel environments may result in driver fatigue. Although tunnel murals have been suggested as a potential enhancement, their impact on drivers remains controversial. This study investigates the impact of murals on driver attention in an extra-long tunnel through driving simulation experiments with 27 participants. Driver responses were analyzed through pupil area, reflecting driving load, and glance indicators, which track attention distribution. These indicators were analyzed using statistical tests and Markov chain methods. Results reveal that (1) murals significantly increased the pupil area, indicating higher driving load and alertness; (2) the influence of the murals persists even when they are no longer visible; (3) based on glance duration, murals not excessively distract drivers, with driver attention diminishing near tunnel exits; (4) discontinuous murals with moderate length and rhythm enhance the driver’s perception of speed; and (5) varied mural styles are advised for sustained visual stimulation. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of tunnel interior environments to enhance the overall driving experience and improve driver safety and attention.