Tree-level scattering amplitudes via homotopy transfer

We formalize the computation of tree-level scattering amplitudes in terms of the homotopy transfer of homotopy algebras, illustrating it with scalar ϕ3 and Yang-Mills theory. The data of a (gauge) field theory with an action is encoded in a cyclic homotopy Lie or L∞ algebra defined on a chain complex including a space of fields. This L∞ structure can be transported, by means of homotopy transfer, to a smaller space that, in the massless case, consists of harmonic fields. The required homotopy maps are well-defined since we work with the space of finite sums of plane-wave solutions. The resulting L∞ brackets encode the tree-level scattering amplitudes and satisfy generalized Jacobi identities that imply the Ward identities. We further present a method to compute color-ordered scattering amplitudes for Yang-Mills theory, using that its L∞ algebra is the tensor product of the color Lie algebra with a homotopy commutative associative or C∞ algebra. The color-ordered scattering amplitudes are then obtained by homotopy transfer of C∞ algebras.