The effect of intellectual transformations on the interior space elements of local architecture: The Baghdad palaces during the royal era (1921-1958) as a case study

During the period 1921–1958, architecture in Baghdad witnessed significant changes, notably the emergence of public buildings, particularly palaces, which were heavily influenced by intellectual transformations (political, economic, social, and cultural). While many studies have examined the impact of these transformations on the urban and architectural aspects, few have explored their influence on interior design. The research problem lies in the insufficient and unclear theoretical understanding of how these intellectual transformations affected the interior spaces of palaces during the 1921–1958 period and their reflection on the elements of these spaces. The research hypothesis assumes that the intellectual transformations influencing architecture, both in its urban and architectural dimensions, also impacted the interior spaces of buildings from this era. Consequently, this study investigates these transformations in architecture and their effects on the interior spaces of palaces by: Comparing the elements of interior spaces in late Ottoman palaces (1900–1914) with those of the royal era (1921–1958). Documenting and analyzing a selection of samples in detail using a descriptive-comparative analytical approach to identify transformed and altered elements relative to the established references. The findings indicate that the interior designs of the studied samples were influenced by the intellectual transformations of the time. Generally, the interior designs of this period reflected the influence of modernist trends, characterized by simplicity. The prevailing style was closed-plan layouts, with some openness introduced through balconies as a new element. The spaces featured elegant, straight, symmetrical lines, smooth wall and ceiling finishes, and plain white surfaces devoid of ornamentation. The significance of the research lies in providing a comprehensive database on the elements of interior spaces, which can benefit architecture students and designers in creating contemporary interiors that embody the spirit and characteristics of local architecture. Additionally, this database serves as a reference for preservation efforts, emphasizing the importance of maintaining both the interior and exterior aspects of heritage buildings. Preservation strategies for heritage buildings consistently stress the need to retain their original character.