Solvent-free microwave extraction of Amomum Cardamomum L. seeds: Response surface methodology and kinetic modelling

The essential oils have gained significant traction in various sectors, including agriculture, food and beverage, flavor and fragrance, the pharmaceutical industry. The products become a crucial component of global commerce and business. Given this context, there is a pressing demand for an environmentally friendly extraction technology capable of efficiently producing essential oils on enhanced extraction technology while maximizing yields. The objective of this study was to enhance the processing parameters of the solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method for extracting amomum oil from cardamom seeds (Amomum Cardamomum L.). The response surface methodology (RSM) utilized SFME to evaluate and analyze parameters of microwave power, F/D ratio, and extraction time. Based on result, the optimum conditions of 0.496% was achieved conditions of 512.45 W, 0.5 g/ml, and 45 min. The highest extraction yield from experimental data was obtained with 450 W, 0.5 g/ml, and 45 min of 0.5148%. Besides, the statistical analysis of the BBD design demonstrated the overall significance model of the chosen factors. Further, the experimental data was employed using first and second order rate models, and it was estimated the second order rate aiming to identify both mechanism dan kinetics on the extraction. This study identifies the optimal extraction parameters to obtain the extract oils suitable for potential use in pharmaceutical sector.