An open-source Euler–Lagrangian solver for two-phase detonative and supersonic reacting flows

Comprehending the flame propagation in detonative and supersonic combustion is critical for enabling next-generation aerospace propulsion. To capture the underlying combustion dynamics of high-speed reactive flows, an open-source hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian solver, dfHighSpeedFoam is developed. To verify the integrated high-order numerical schemes, a series of benchmark cases is conducted in this study. The results demonstrate the capability of dfHighSpeedFoam in accurately resolving the coupled interactions between shock waves and chemical reactions. To further assess the performance of this solver, the advanced Lagrangian models are rigorously validated across a range of operating conditions and distinct submodels are comparatively assessed across regimes. The implanted liquidEvaporationSpalding model is deemed most suitable for predicting the dynamics of fine droplets in subsonic flows, whereas the liquidEvaporationBoil model is more appropriate for supersonic conditions. In simulations of two-phase detonations, dfHighSpeedFoam effectively captures the characteristic features, including the detonation propagation speed and cell size. Furthermore, the influence of different Lagrangian submodels on two-phase cavity-stabilized supersonic combustion is investigated. The findings indicate that the application of liquidEvaporationBoil and ReitzKHRT models induces a dispersed-flame regime, underscoring a strong sensitivity of flame stabilization to submodels combination. Future extensions of this study will focus on enhancing the computational efficiency of dfHighSpeedFoam and Lagrangian models.