Intelligent biodegradable materials composite packaging (IBCP): An integrated IoT-ML-LLM approach for sustainable design, tracking, and waste management

Intelligent Biodegradable Composite Packaging (IBCP) integrates the Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and Large Language Models (LLM) to enhance sustainable design, real-time tracking, and waste management. The proposed framework operates in two phases: (1) an intelligent sensing system that collects and processes data using IoT-enabled sensors, and (2) a predictive and recommendation model utilizing ML and LLM to assess the degree of circular economy principle satisfaction. This model ensures optimal material utilization, enhances biodegradability assessment, and provides predictive maintenance insights. The biodegradable packaging system incorporates composite materials such as natural fibers, bioplastics, and biomass, coupled with IoT-driven real-time monitoring to optimize packaging sustainability. ML algorithms analyze collected data to predict material degradation, optimize supply chain efficiency, and recommend improvements. Simultaneously, an LLM-powered Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system supports decision-making by answering queries on packaging selection, sustainability impact, and waste management strategies. This innovative integration significantly reduces material waste, extends product shelf life, and supports eco-friendly packaging adoption. By leveraging AI-driven insights and IoT-enabled tracking, IBCP aligns with circular economy principles, mitigating environmental impact while ensuring seamless integration with existing waste management infrastructures.