Nanocharacterization, Phytochemical screening, and toxicity assessment of Nanoherbal Jopan (Clibadium surinamense L.) leaves using Artemia salina for herbal medicine optimization

Indonesia’s rich biodiversity includes numerous medicinal plants, including Clibadium surinamense L., which is widely used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate a nanoherbal formulation derived from M. pudica leaves through nanocharacterization, phytochemical screening, antioxidant analysis, and toxicity assessment using Artemia salina as a model organism. The particle size and morphology were analyzed using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify active compounds, and antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Toxicity testing was performed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) at concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm. The nanoherbal formulation produced nanoparticles with an average size of 758.8 nm, indicating improved absorption, stability, and bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. The SEM results showed irregular particle shapes and agglomeration. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, and glycosides, which are known for their therapeutic effects. Antioxidant testing revealed weak radical scavenging activity, as indicated by a high IC₅₀ value of 7747.72 ppm. Toxicity testing revealed moderate toxicity, with an LC₅₀ value of 465.93 ppm. These findings support the potential of Clibadium surinamense L. in herbal medicine, although further formulation improvements are needed to enhance its antioxidant and pharmacological properties.