Municipal water fluoridation, adolescent IQ, and cognition across the life course: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2026 Open access

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Authors: John Robert Warren, Gina Rumore, Kamil Sicinski, Pamela Herd, Michal Engelman
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2536005123
Cited by: 3
References: 6

Abstract

We investigate associations between community water fluoridation (CWF), adolescent IQ, and cognition across the life course using representative data from the US state of Wisconsin. Exposure is inferred from historical records on community water fluoridation; adolescent IQ is ascertained from state testing records; and cognition in later life is assessed as part of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study [P. Herd et al. , Int. J. Epidemiol. 43 , 34–41 (2014).]. In contrast to studies cited in recent decisions to end CWF in Utah, Florida, and elsewhere, we find no evidence that CWF is negatively associated with adolescent IQ or adult cognitive functioning.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Fluoride Effects and Removal Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research Dental Health and Care Utilization

Publication details

Journal / source
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Volume
123
Issue
16
Pages
e2536005123–e2536005123
Publication date
13 April 2026
Language
EN