Sex/gender labels in EU directives in English

Abstract The present study addresses sex/gender labels in EU directives in English from a Queer and Linguistic Labeling perspective. Employing a methodological triangulation that integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches, the analysis explores sex/gender labels, as well as the social identities and practices these enact. By combining Queer Linguistics and Linguistic Labeling, this study further investigates the performative and normative potentials of such labels, highlighting their roles in simultaneously legitimising and marginalising discourses, identities and practices. The findings reveal significant inconsistencies and fluctuations in form and usage of sex/gender labels, demonstrating how these echo the non-fixity of fluid constructions and reinforce heteronormative views while silencing non-conforming identities. This notwithstanding, the study identifies a potential, though extremely limited, shift toward recognising fluid identities. These insights contribute to advancing the research field that combines Queer and Linguistic Labeling frameworks, while exposing the inherent fluctuation of sex/gender labels, which necessitate constant updating and revision. The absence of such revisions contributes to some of the current limitations in EU’s gender-neutral language policy.