Pea Necrotic Yellow Dwarf Virus: An Emerging Threat for Legume Production in Europe

Abstract Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV), Nanoviridae, is an emerging and economically significant threat to legume production in Europe, posing significant risks to crop yield. This nanovirus is transmitted by aphid vectors, including pea aphids ( Acyrthosiphon pisum [Harris]) and black bean aphids ( Aphis fabae [Scopoli]). The severity of PNYDV infections varies among host plants and cultivars, with symptoms ranging from leaf yellowing and deformation to dwarfing and necrosis, which often leads to substantial yield losses. Early and accurate detection currently relies on serological and molecular diagnostic methods, though the sensitivity differs between methods. PNYDV is a multipartite virus that consists of at least eight genomic components each encapsidated within individual virions. The distribution of each segment in their host plants and their insect vectors, and the functional roles of some segments remain poorly understood. Current research aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PNYDV-host interactions, improve diagnostic tools for early detection, and identify resistant legume cultivars. Additionally, efforts are focused on understanding the epidemiology of PNYDV, its transmission dynamics, and aphid-virus interactions to develop sustainable management strategies. Addressing these knowledge gaps is essential to mitigate the spread and impact of PNYDV on the European and global legume production. Information © The Authors 2026.