Comprehensive framework for a novel multi-criteria lighting design model in high ceiling and large spaces

Optimizing indoor lighting in high-ceiling spaces requires balancing functionality, comfort, and energy efficiency across multiple indicators. Lighting rules under different strategies were explored via quantitative analysis and global sensitivity analysis, and a multi-criteria decision-making model was built using principal component analysis (PCA). Results indicate that ceiling downlights have the greatest overall impact on illuminance uniformity and unified glare rating, offering the largest optimization potential. Low-level accent lighting and indirect lighting can reduce installed power while maintaining high efficacy through zoned design of critical areas. The resulting sensitivity matrix linking each index to each strategy supports early-stage scheme selection aligned with project priorities. The PCA-based decision model integrates correlated indices into a single score, enabling objective comparison of alternatives and identification of optimal solutions for large, high-ceiling interiors. It therefore helps designers trade off uniformity, glare control, and power density, and provides a transparent basis for choosing a strategy early.