Navigating the future of biomaterials in clinical engineering – a review

The proposed work highlights an extensive investigation of biomaterial substances designed to engage with biological systems for biomedical applications. It emphasises three main categories: polymers, ceramics, and metals. Polymeric biomaterials, including Polylactic acid (PLA), Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PGLA), Polycaprolactone (PCL), and collagen, are noted for their versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability in applications such as tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery, despite limitations in mechanical strength and imaging capabilities. Ceramic biomaterials such as zirconia, hydroxyapatite, and calcium-based ceramics have exceptional biocompatibility and structural characteristics appropriate for dental and orthopaedic applications; nevertheless, enhancements in porosity regulations and manufacturing consistency are required. Metallic biomaterials, particularly titanium, stainless steel, magnesium, and cobalt-chromium alloys, are crucial for load-bearing implants owing to their efficacy. The proposed work also showcases the advancements in coatings and additive manufacturing that improve their efficacy. The surface modification, scaffold design, and physiologically active chemicals that improve implant efficacy and compatibility are highlighted in the study. In order to attain optimal biocompatibility and long-term clinical success, future advancements in biomaterials will rely on the integration of these features through surface engineering and hybrid composites.