Advancing poultry reproduction: biotechnological innovations and their pathways to sustainable production

SUMMARYPoultry represents a critical global protein source, driving the need for advanced reproductive technologies to support sustainable production. This review comprehensively examines key advancements in poultry reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation, primordial germ cell (PGC)-based genetic engineering, germline chimera production, germ cell and gonadal tissue transplantation, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, and multi-omics-assisted selection. These technologies enhance genetic diversity, improve disease resistance, increase production efficiency, and facilitate conservation of genetic resources. However, significant challenges remain in translating experimental success into practical applications – particularly in terms of technical scalability, economic feasibility, and accessibility for small-scale producers. This article critically evaluates recent breakthroughs, their practical implications, and future pathways towards achieving sustainable, ethical, and inclusive poultry production systems.