Impact of broiler chicken production on welfare, environment, and potential mitigation strategies: a review

SUMMARYRapid growth rates in commercial broilers have led to increased occurrences of metabolic diseases, skeletal disorders, and poor immunity. In addition, high stocking density under the intensive rearing system further exacerbates welfare issues. Along with welfare issues, intensive broiler farming causes environmental pollution, such as the release of significant amounts of dust, greenhouse gases and nutrient runoff, largely from manure and feed production. Further, improper waste management contributes to soil and water contamination and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The welfare issues, along with environmental problems due to intensive broiler farming, compromise its sustainability. This work examines the impacts of intensive broiler production on birds’ welfare and the related environmental issues, along with their mitigation strategies. The mitigation strategies for the welfare issues of birds include genetic interventions like marker-assisted selection for robustness, a shift towards slower-growing or indigenous breeds, combined with regulatory and industry incentives, along with smart housing management. The mitigation of related environmental issues involves the strategies for efficient digestion and better gut microbiota composition, precision feeding, enzyme supplementation, and the use of alternative protein sources (e.g. insect meal, by-products), which will enhance nutrient absorption and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. Adoption of composting, biofiltration, smart ventilation, monitoring systems and renewable energy, can optimise resource use, minimise emissions, and support welfare. Sustainable broiler production demands an integrated approach encompassing genetics, nutrition, and management to ensure animal well-being, environmental stewardship, and economic viability.