Virtual reality therapy for depression and anxiety treatment in China: an integrated assessment based on media richness theory and social cognitive theory

This study, based on media richness theory and social cognitive theory, explores the materials, processes, and perceived effects of virtual reality (VR) therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety in China. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 patients, results indicate that participants perceived VR therapy as enhancing their sense of immersion through real-time interaction, multisensory signals, and the integration of Chinese cultural elements. By examining patients’ experiences from the perspectives of modeling, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies, most patients reported perceiving emotional relief. However, a few patients also reported limitations, including simplistic VR scenes, insufficient interactivity, and a decline in perceived effectiveness over time. This study suggests that future VR therapies should focus on cultural adaptation by designing treatment scenarios that resonate more deeply with local cultural characteristics, and on integrating VR therapy with other forms of treatment to support longer-term engagement through regular follow-ups and ongoing support. In addition, exploring multi-user interaction modes that allow patients to communicate with other patients or healthcare professionals in virtual environments is recommended.