Nanofluid flow across a vertical cone: effects of Hall current, Arrhenius energy, and heat radiation

The convective heat transmission in border layer area can be amplified by nanoparticles. In a non-Darcian porous area, the effects of heat radiation and chemical reactions are examined in Al2O3-Cu-H2O nanofluid flow with heat-mass transfer via a vertical cone. Heat source, Hall current, and energy activation effects are also addressed. Using similarity transformations, the system of nonlinear PDEs (partial differential equations) is compacted to a set of ODEs (ordinary differential equations), which are numerically solved with Lobatto IIIa-based bvp4c MATLAB solver. Here, the provided graphs visualise how magnetic fields, porosity, radiation, thermophoresis, hall current, and chemical reactions affect velocity, temperature, and concentration in both 2-D and 3-D visualisations. Observation reveals that the Hall effect enhances fluid velocity; radiation and Eckert number enhance fluid temperature by approximately 9.09% and 4.76%, respectively; Schmidt number reduces fluid concentration by approximately 7.50%. This combination of heat source and activation energy in a Newtonian fluid setting provides profound insights into heat and mass transport mechanisms, with applications in engineering, materials processing, and environmental fluid dynamics.