Comparative analysis and optimal design of hybrid diesel-photovoltaic-wind energy systems with storage for diverse Moroccan locations

This study optimises and compares two energy storage configurations for standalone hybrid power systems, consisting of diesel generators, photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, for remote farming families (comprising 2–3 families with a daily electricity consumption of 60 kWh). This study considers eight different geographical locations in Morocco and two energy storage configurations, including lead-acid batteries alone and hydrogen-fuel cells combined with lead-acid batteries. Using a novel optimisation algorithm (Parallel Genetic Algorithm-Cuckoo Search: P-GA-CS), the study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid renewable energy systems, achieving renewable energy contribution rates above 70% during the 25 years of operation and competitive energy costs (LCOE < 0.35 USD/kWh over 25 years in the worst case). Results highlight the importance of site-specific optimisation, the role of hydrogen storage integration, and the need to consider long-term performance and degradation of different components. This study underscores the critical role of discount rates, diesel prices and government subsidies in determining the viability of the proposed systems. To make them affordable in rural areas, government aid equivalent to 50–70% of the investment cost is necessary. This research provides configuration selection guidelines and evaluates the impact of site-specific and economic factors on system performance.