Nonlinear thermal influence on hollow FGP multilayered I-microbeams via nonlocal strain gradient theory for large sensing of coupled biomass

This work investigates the dynamic behavior of I-microbeams with multilayered, porous, and functionally graded structures intended for enhanced biosensing applications. These microstructures achieve exceptional sensitivity in detecting biological entities such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and glycoprotein protein (gp120) by incorporating materials like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers for flexibility and gold coatings for biocompatibility and conductivity. The study investigates important elements, such as nonlinear thermal effects and adsorption processes, in which biomolecular adsorption causes detectable resonance frequency shifts that allow for exact detection. Shape-dependent dynamics and complicated surface interactions are represented by Advanced theoretical models such as the Euler-Bernoulli Model (EBM), Shear Beam Model (SBM), nonlocal elasticity, and strain gradient theories. Analytical and numerical solutions using the Navier technique and the Differential Quadrature method (DQM) show a thorough knowledge of vibrational responses under several situations. The results highlight the importance of microstructural design, material composition, and external influences in maximizing biosensor performance. The important insights provided by this study construct extremely sensitive, efficient biosensors, which will lead to advances in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and biotechnology. This is the first analytical-numerical study combining NSGT and nonlinear thermal fields for porous I-microbeams with molecular adsorption.