India’s maritime strategy in the Indian Ocean region: Geopolitical competition and regional stability

The strategic significance of the Indian Ocean (IO) has intensified in the twenty first century due to its substantial role in global trade, energy security and geopolitical dynamics. In the wake of China’s increasing assertiveness, the paper examines how and why India is undergoing a fundamental transition from a land-centric power to a maritime-dominant actor in the IO. It also analyses China’s strategic expansion in the IO and the imperatives for regional stability and peace. In response to evolving challenges, India has recalibrated its maritime posture by modernizing its navy and expanding engagement in multilateral security frameworks such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD). This study argues that India’s maritime strategy is primarily driven by the need to protect critical sea lanes of communication vital to trade and energy flows. While achieving maritime dominance remains a complex and evolving goal, India should balance its continental security concerns with maritime strategic interests. The paper further contends that strengthening naval capabilities and enhancing regional partnerships are pertinent for India to navigate rising geopolitical competition, particularly with China, and to fortify long-term stability in the IO.