Heavy metal remediation using biomass derived adsorbents: Pre-treatment strategies for enhanced performance

The natural environment has been seriously harmed by toxic heavy metal ion water pollution, which emphasizes the necessity of efficient treatment and resolution. Because of their efficiency, affordability, and ability to safeguard the environment, biosorption techniques are frequently employed. Using fungi to detoxify heavy metals has become a feasible option due to their increased capacity for biosorption and bioaccumulation. Large amounts of studies have been conducted on the effective and sustainable use of algae to absorb heavy metals from contaminated water. Algal biomass has a comparatively high efficiency of adsorption. Along with its benefits and drawbacks, the paper initially looks at traditional heavy metal removal techniques such as ion exchange, coagulation, membrane processes, chemical precipitation, and electrochemical procedures. The usefulness and current research on live and dead biomass for heavy metal removal are then explored in this review. In addition to addressing the difficulties, this review emphasizes the potential contribution of bacteria, fungi, and algae to heavy metal remediation. For heavy metal remediation, effective pre-treatment is essential. This investigation thoroughly examines the different biomass pre-treatment techniques that lead to effective heavy metal removal.