Effects of wind, global warming and fear in a disease-induced Hassell-Varley predator-prey model through Caputo fractional order derivative

The present investigation deals with a fractional-order prey–predator–disease model along with the effect of wind, global warming, and fear in the prey–predator interaction process. It is important to note that such environmental disturbance affects the biological activities, including biological growth, behavior, and disease transmission process. In this sense, global warming plays an important role in affecting the birth rate of the prey species. The effect of fear in the prey-predator process has been studied separately. The interaction between susceptible prey and predators is governed by the Hassell–Varley type functional response, whereas the interaction between the infected prey and predators follows Holling type II functional response. Necessary conditions for the existence of equilibrium points have been obtained, and further conditions for local stability analysis have been discussed. Also, it is shown that Hopf bifurcation occurs around the predation rate of the infected prey.