A change in thinking: new pathways for citywide inclusive sanitation in Nakuru County, Kenya

Water International 2026 Open access

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Authors: V. Subramanian Saravanan, Hezekiah Pireh Otieno, Moses O Onyango, Simon H. Okoth
DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2025.2606637
Cited by: 0
References: 46

Abstract

Despite citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) being a well conceived, sector-specific policy concept, it often struggles due to the linear mindset of development agencies. Based on various research methods, this study examined challenges in the operationalization of CWIS in Nakuru County, Kenya. The findings suggest that CWIS faces challenges from different service regimes that have multiple providers, different institutional arrangements, and diverse technologies. This study calls for a shift in the mindset of development agencies from linear to spherical thinking in sanitation governance.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Water Governance and Infrastructure Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Water Resource Management and Quality

Publication details

Journal / source
Water International
Volume
51
Issue
2
Pages
207–238
Publication date
16 January 2026
Language
EN