A critical analysis of xivuya in a violent gender-abusive South African context

Although many African cultures do not appreciate singlehood, single women can expect some sympathy on the condition that they have not been thrown out by their husbands and in-laws for a misdeed. Misdeeds can only be defined in a cultural and ethical framework, even though some misdeeds are contentious. The word xivuya is used not only to degrade, but also to mock a woman who has been kicked out of her marriage for whatever reason. The derogatory sense of this Xitsonga term underlies this critical study. Since marriage is seen as the backbone of society, being disowned or divorced earns a shunned spouse the title of xivuya and brings disgrace on herself and her family. It diminishes her dignity or status in her community. Being repudiated for a misdeed is highly unacceptable, if not unforgivable. This article attempts to unveil how being a xivuya is the most offensive form of singlehood among some Africans, and particularly in the Tsonga culture.