Adult education for disaster preparedness. A cluster analysis of learning strategies and training needs in Germany

Disaster preparedness has received little attention in adult education. This study examines how adults in Germany learn about and seek information regarding disaster preparedness. A face-to-face survey of a representative sample of 1,084 adults in June 2024 captured data on stockpiling, skills, information sources, training interests, and demographics. K-means clustering of three preparedness indices identified four learner profiles: ‘All-Rounders’ (25%), who possess extensive supplies and diverse skills; ‘Skilled’ (21%), who demonstrate strong skills but maintain limited supplies; ‘Stockpilers’ (23%), who rely primarily on supplies; and ‘Unprepared’ (32%), who lack both supplies and skills. The profiles differ according to age, gender, and socio-economic status. Prior engagement and structured learning experiences are associated with higher levels of preparedness, whereas passive triggers (e.g. media coverage) are common but may be insufficient for sustained action. The ‘All-Rounders’ and ‘Skilled’ groups seek advanced, scenario-based training and draw on a variety of information sources. In contrast, ‘Stockpilers’ and especially the ‘Unprepared’ tend to prefer basic on-site workshops and demonstrate lower overall interest. These findings highlight the need for differentiated adult education strategies that combine awareness-raising with practical, accessible training and tailor communication channels to distinct learner profiles rather than relying on uniform outreach.