The spatial relationship between older adults’ cognitive function, air pollution, and neighbourhood environment: a case study of Tainan, Taiwan

This study examines ageing population trends and the increasing urgency of cognitive health issues in Taiwan. Given the dual impact of air pollution and cognitive decline, this study explores the spatial relationship between the neighbourhood environment and the cognitive function of older adults. Through questionnaire surveys and spatial analysis, including GIS-based walkability indices and Kriging interpolation, this study assesses cognitive status among older adults, quantifies built-environment characteristics, and estimates air pollution exposure in Tainan City. The findings reveal a spatial distribution pattern linking environmental factors and air pollution exposure to cognitive health.