Playing for growth: a narrative review of early childhood soccer and development in East and West

Background As soccer gains global prominence in early childhood education, questions remain about the universality of its developmental benefits across cultures. This review examines how soccer participation influences holistic development in children aged ≤7 across diverse cultural contexts.Methods We conducted a narrative review of multidisciplinary literature (up to 2025) from China, Japan, South Korea, and Western nations. Included studies reported quantitative or qualitative outcomes in social, emotional, cognitive, or physical health domains. Data were synthesized thematically by developmental area and cultural context.Results Findings revealed consistent benefits across all cultures, including enhanced social skills, emotional regulation, cognitive functions, and physical health. While benefits were broadly consistent, program implementation differed: East Asian approaches emphasized discipline and collective goals, whereas Western models prioritized enjoyment and socialization.Conclusion Soccer is a cross-culturally adaptable tool for early childhood development, though culturally responsive program design remains essential.