The use of ChatGPT as a writing feedback tool in second language learning and teaching: a systematic review

This study systematically reviews 40 key articles (1 January 2023–31 July 2025) on ChatGPT as a writing feedback tool, examining authors’ geographic distribution, methodologies, educational settings, language contexts, research foci and gaps. The synthesis identifies four main themes: (a) benefits and limitations of ChatGPT feedback, (b) factors influencing its effectiveness, (c) user experiences and perceptions and (d) pedagogy of ChatGPT-supported teacher or peer feedback and its impact on feedback quality and writing performance. Key gaps include the need for diversified topics, robust theoretical frameworks, exploration of local ChatGPT alternatives, longitudinal studies, revised evaluation criteria, genre-specific impact, application beyond English, research in pre-tertiary settings and ethical considerations. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of ChatGPT’s role in writing feedback, highlights future research directions and provides insights for teaching practice.