GenAI incorporation in entrepreneurship education and higher education students’ Fintech entrepreneurship: a cross-cultural approach in Vietnam and Poland

This study investigates how integrating generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into entrepreneurship education influences students’ FinTech entrepreneurial intentions and behaviours, drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). It also examines cross-country differences between Vietnam and Poland. Data were collected from 1117 university students (Vietnam: 585; Poland: 532) and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) with multi-group analysis. The findings support TPB predictions: entrepreneurial intentions strongly predict behaviour, while attitudes and perceived behavioural control are consistent antecedents across both contexts. Subjective norms influenced intentions only in Vietnam. Opportunity exploration shaped attitudes in Vietnam, whereas opportunity exploitation was more salient in Poland. GenAI integration enhanced both opportunity exploration and exploitation, with stronger effects in Vietnam. Mediation results show that GenAI indirectly affects entrepreneurial behaviour through opportunities, attitudes, and intentions. Cross-country comparisons reveal that GenAI-driven pathways are systematically stronger in Vietnam. This study extends TPB by incorporating GenAI as an educational mechanism and highlights how digital technologies reshape entrepreneurial learning and outcomes in emerging and developed contexts.