Chemical and biological control of cobweb disease ( Cladobotryum mycophilum ) in Agaricus bisporus mushroom crops

Cobweb disease (CBD) is currently one of the major problems in mushroom crops. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of several chemical fungicides (metrafenone, prochloraz-Mn and fluxapyroxad) and Bacillus-based products for the control of CBD in artificially inoculated mushroom crops, and the phytotoxic effect on mushroom productivity in a mushroom cropping trial without inoculation. The reduction in disease incidence obtained after application of prochloraz-Mn was around 90%, while the reduction after the three Bacillus-based treatments was less than 30%. For the fungicides metrafenone and fluxapyroxad, reductions of 40% and 65% were reported, respectively. Moreover, the effect of these products on mushroom productivity showed that the application of fluxapyroxad was related to a significant decreasing in production in both non-inoculated and inoculated trials, with a strong fungitoxic effect at the first flush. Besides, the in vitro resistance levels of Cladobotryum isolates to prochloraz-Mn and metrafenone have been evaluated. The in vitro tolerance to metrafenone of Cladobotryum isolates has been reported, while prochloraz-Mn could still be considered a useful fungicide against CBD. Further studies could be carried out to improve CBD control bio-methods.