Emerging trends and future directions in co-amorphous solid dispersions for BCS class II and IV drugs

Objective The objective of this review is to critically evaluate the potential of co-amorphous solid dispersions (CASDs) in improving the performance of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).Significance CASDs are being scoped in this review because limited aqueous solubility remains a persistent challenge in drug development, particularly for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II and IV drugs, where poor solubility restricts oral bioavailability and clinical translation.Key Findings This review highlights the mechanistic aspects underlying enhanced bioavailability, phase behavior, and key molecular interactions that support the effectiveness of CASDs. Evidence from case studies demonstrates the use of diverse co-formers, including amino acids, organic acids, other APIs, and novel systems such as poly (amino acids) and flavonoids. Preparation methods, with emphasis on green and continuous manufacturing approaches such as spray drying, thermal, and mechanical activation, are discussed alongside advanced spectroscopic and computational characterization techniques. Reported outcomes consistently show improvements in solubility, dissolution, and pharmacokinetic properties, while regulatory perspectives and the application of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) illustrate pathways toward clinical adoption.Conclusion CASDs represent a versatile platform with implications for personalized medicine, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven formulation design, and multifunctional co-formers though challenges in stability, scalability, and regulatory navigation remain priorities for future research.