Impact of stigma, community support, and healthcare accessibility on viral suppression in people living with HIV: evidence from Indonesia

Objective Achieving viral suppression is central to the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. Beyond clinical determinants, socio-medical factors such as stigma, community support, and healthcare accessibility are increasingly recognized as influencing treatment outcomes. This study examined the impact of these factors on viral suppression among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Indonesia.Method A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted among 350 PLHIV enrolled in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs at three treatment centers. Data on stigma, community support, and healthcare accessibility were collected using validated questionnaires, while viral load results were obtained from medical records. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of viral suppression.Results Among the participants, 74.3% achieved viral suppression. Multivariate analysis showed that lower stigma (aOR = 0.52; p = 0.016), stronger community support (aOR = 2.15; p = 0.004), better healthcare accessibility (aOR = 1.87; p = 0.019), and longer ART duration (aOR = 2.74; p = 0.001) were significant predictors of viral suppression.Conclusions Socio-medical factors significantly influence viral suppression among PLHIV in Indonesia. Strengthening stigma reduction, community support, and healthcare accessibility may help improve HIV treatment outcomes and support progress toward global elimination targets.