Green extraction and RSM optimization of Peganum harmala shoots for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties: modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines

This study was aimed at optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Peganum harmala shoots using response surface methodology (RSM). Ethanol concentration (73%), ultrasonic power (20%), and extraction time (12 min) were optimized to maximize antioxidant yield. The resulting fraction, enriched with β-sitosterol (19.08%) and phytol (16.51%) as determined by GC–MS, showed strong DPPH• (61.44%) and ABTS•+ (81.91%) radical scavenging capacities. In-vitro tests with LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated significant suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) without any cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of P. harmala for combating inflammation and oxidative stress, offering potential applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.