Evaluation and optimization of shield design for anterior teeth in the socket shield technique: a finite element study

The socket shield technique (SST) is a promising protocol for immediate implant placement in the anterior esthetic zone, yet the biomechanical impact of shield design parameters across different tooth positions remains unclear. This study investigated how shield geometry influences peri-implant stress distribution in lateral incisors and canines, aiming to support anatomy-driven design strategies. A three-dimensional maxillary model was reconstructed from cone-beam computed tomography of a healthy subject. The left central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine were segmented, and nine finite element models with varying shield length, thickness, and jump gap were established. under time-dependent functional loading. A time-dependent oblique load at 45° was applied, and stress distributions (von Mises, maximum and minimum principal stresses) and displacements of the shield and periodontal ligament (PDL) were evaluated. Results showed that direct transfer of central incisor-based designs yielded suboptimal stress regulation in lateral incisors and canines. Larger jump gaps enhanced stress mitigation in lateral incisors, whereas a shield length of half the root outperformed one-third in canines. Increased shield thickness promoted stress dispersion, but under space constraints, reducing thickness to allow a wider jump gap maintained stability. In conclusion, these findings provide finite element evidence that individualized shield designs are essential to optimize mechanical stability and long-term outcomes in SST.