A systematic review of 3D-printed assistive technology rehabilitation interventions

Assistive technology (AT) enhances functional independence and quality of life for many people with disabilities. 3D printing allows for the creation of highly customizable devices that can be tailored to specific user needs. This review provides an overview of the state of the science around functional outcomes associated with 3D-printed AT. We performed a systematic review of 3D-printed AT outcomes through database searching of MEDLINE, Embase.com, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Explore, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. From screening 1059 records, we included 40 studies for extraction. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using the ROBINS-I tool, with 37 studies receiving a sufficient rating to be included in this review. Results indicated that satisfaction, lower extremity biomechanics, and psychosocial outcomes were predominantly positive for 3D-printed devices; however, findings for upper extremity biomechanics and function were mixed. Of the 37 studies included, 32 (86%) were level III evidence or lower. This review underscores the need for more rigorous, patient-centered clinical trials focusing on functional outcomes to guide evidence-based decision-making in the AT field.