Recent Advances in Sensor Based Detection of Nitrosamines: Progress in Sensor Design, Regulations and Practical Limitations

Nitrosamines are a class of potent carcinogenic compounds with nitroso and amine group. They are present in various environments, including processed meats, drinking water, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Their widespread occurrence and high toxicological profile have led to increasing regulatory scrutiny worldwide. Accurate, sensitive and rapid detection of nitrosamines at trace levels remains a major analytical challenge due to their typically low concentrations and the complexity of sample matrices. This review explores the current state of nitrosamines sensor platforms such as electrochemical, optical, and nanomaterial-enhanced systems. It also identifies practical difficulties during detection by sensors including sensitivity, matrix interference, reaction with atmospheric nitrogen oxides and in-situ generation of nitrosamines. Finally, global regulations and future prospects are also discussed to highlight the acceptance limits and support the development of effective and robust sensors for monitoring of nitrosamines in consumer products and the environment.