Spatiotemporal dynamics of creative performance and innovation capacity in Europe: a multidimensional perspective

This study develops a spatial–temporal composite indicator to assess the creative performance of European countries by integrating seven dimensions intrinsically linked to creativity, technology and innovation capacity. Employing the DP2 distance-based method and spatial econometric techniques, the research advances existing measurement approaches by providing a multidimensional and spatial perspective on creative dynamics. The results yield three key findings. First, a strong and persistent spatial polarisation in Europe, with creative performance clustering along a centre–periphery pattern and revealing widening territorial gaps. Second, significant spatial dependence and spillover effects suggest that creativity is shaped not only by domestic conditions but also by neighbouring countries’ trajectories, underscoring a mechanism of spatial diffusion critical for understanding innovation inequalities. Finally, human capital, employment in cultural and creative industries and technological development emerge as the principal drivers of creative and innovation potential. By providing an integrated analytical tool to monitor creative dynamics over time, this study delivers policy-relevant evidence to support convergence and guide the design of innovation strategies aligned with European objectives for competitiveness.