Human-Machine Interaction in Teleoperated Rescue Vehicles: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review

Teleoperation of rescue vehicles (RVs) presents significant human–machine interaction (HMI) challenges arising from the physical separation between operators and vehicles. This study reviewed the current state of research on HMI in the teleoperation of RVs. Results indicated that HMI in teleoperating RVs is influenced by a combination of human factors (time sensitivity, gender, and experience), vehicle factors (control and display), and environmental factors (road corner, road width, and lighting conditions). Operators’ task performance in RV teleoperation is typically evaluated through task completion time, collision frequency, number of targets identified, and drive distance. The evaluation of RVs by teleoperators is primarily based on subjective measures, including perceived workload, usability, and situation awareness. In terms of experimental methodology, most studies use either virtual environments or physical setups, depending on safety, spatial, and financial constraints. This study offered valuable insights into HMI in the teleoperation of RVs.