The Interaction of Navigation and Music in Shaping Driver Behavior and Cognitive Load: A Simulation Study Under Urban Driving Conditions

The complex demands of modern urban traffic environments often necessitate the use of navigation aids and in-vehicle entertainment systems, which significantly impact driving behavior and cognitive load. This study engaged 63 drivers in a driving simulation to explore how navigation frequency (high, low) and music tempo (none, slow, fast) affect driving behavior and cognitive load in high-risk urban environments like speed-limited areas and intersections. The results revealed that low-frequency navigation led to lower cognitive loads and more stable speed control compared to high-frequency navigation, especially without music. Furthermore, drivers exhibited lower longitudinal deceleration in speed-limited areas and lower lateral acceleration when changing lanes before intersections. High-frequency navigation combined with fast-tempo music increased cognitive load but reduced speed fluctuation. In contrast, low-frequency navigation showed no significant impact from music tempo. These findings suggest guidelines for optimizing navigation systems and music choices to enhance driving performance and reduce cognitive load.