Exploring the Effects of an AI Voice Assistant on Drivers’ Loneliness and Affect During Long-Distance Driving Under Partial Driving Automation

Long-distance solo driving can negatively affect drivers’ mental health and driving experience. This study examined whether in-vehicle AI voice assistants could provide social and affective support during partially automated long-distance driving. In a two-hour simulated highway driving experiment, AI voice assistant interactions mitigated loneliness and reduced declines in positive affects such as inspiration, determination, activity, and interest, though effects on perceived social support were limited. Drivers initially experienced higher negative affects, including shame and fear, but these gradually decreased over time. Attentive affect declined in both groups and appeared earlier among drivers interacting with the AI voice assistant. Participants also desired more natural voice interactions, improved performance, and richer yet reliable functions, expecting the AI voice assistant to act as a smart and friendly co-traveler. Overall, the findings suggest that in-vehicle AI voice assistants may help address drivers’ mental health concerns while highlighting areas for future improvement.