Generalization of word problem solving using schema-based instruction for students with disabilities: a systematic review

Word problem solving (WPS) is a critical yet challenging skill for students with disabilities, requiring mathematical understanding and text comprehension. Schema-Based Instruction (SBI) has been widely recognized as an effective approach to teaching WPS, which uses structured frameworks to help students identify problem types, organize information, and apply appropriate strategies. However, generalizing these skills across different contexts is crucial for practical application beyond the instructional setting. This systematic review examines the strategies and tactics used to promote the generalization of SBI for students with disabilities in K-12 education. Through an analysis of 30 single case studies that measured generalization and/or maintenance of SBI outcomes, we identified key strategies that enhance the transfer and maintenance of learned WPS skills, such as teaching sufficient examples, programming common stimuli, and promoting self-management. Results show that while many studies report successful generalization, there is variability in the approaches and outcomes.