Reviewing the ‘Online’ in Radicalization: A Critical Essay on Contemporary Positions, Scope and Challenges

Due to the increasing intermingling of digital and extremist actions, the internet’s role in radicalization and extremism has drawn growing attention; however, many scholars have cautioned against oversimplified, non-empirical, and overinflated claims. In line with scholarly appeals for paradigmatic shifts in scientific investigations, this critical review aims to extend five propositions. First, reviewing research terminologies and goals; second, addressing methodological gaps; third, examining the evolving nature of online extremism and the challenges it poses for counterterrorism; fourth, diversifying and contextualizing research; finally, assessing the implications for counterterrorism. These critical deliberations will equip policymakers to consolidate necessary research and interventions.