Responsive architecture in riparian zones: synthesising spatial design interaction along the North Khlong Om Non-canal

This study investigates responsive architecture in the riparian zones of Sai Ma, focusing on the interaction between spatial design and environmental conditions along the North Khlong Om Non canal. Riparian areas present ecological, cultural, and social challenges shaped by embankments, underneath spaces, and urbanisation. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis and field observations, the research identifies three housing typologies: traditional embankments with dynamic underneath spaces, concrete embankments with waterfront pavilions, and concrete embankments without pavilions. The study addresses three questions: (1) How do embankments and underneath spaces influence spatial interiority and human – environment interaction? (2) How do traditional and modern typologies differ in their responsiveness to ecological and cultural dynamics? (3) How can vernacular adaptive knowledge inform responsive architectural strategies under legal and urban constraints? Findings show that traditional designs employ multifunctional underneath spaces that harmonise interior and exterior environments, while modern concrete structures, shaped by regulation and urban pressures, reduce ecological and cultural integration. The research contributes by extending responsive architecture theory into riparian contexts, applying typological analysis to embankment-driven housing, and demonstrating a framework that integrates GIS with field-based cultural documentation. It highlights the potential of traditional knowledge to guide adaptive, sustainable design that respects the dynamic nature of riparian ecosystems.