Is your city smart-inclusive or inclusive-smart? A comparison of their conceptual frameworks

The integration of smart city and inclusive city models has emerged as a central theme in recent urban discourse, leading to the concepts of an inclusive smart city (ISC) and a smart inclusive city (SIC). However, existing studies have separately addressed the relationship between smart city and inclusiveness, or inclusive city and smartness, from a theory-practice perspective. As an integrated urban vision, their relationship should be examined from a whole-part perspective by systematically reviewing their intersections. Thus, this study aims to define aspects and components of the inclusiveness of smart cities and the smartness of inclusive cities, to develop conceptual frameworks of the ISC and the SIC and to subsequently compare their similarities and differences. Through a systematic literature review, 44 pieces of literature on the inclusiveness of smart cities and 33 pieces on the smartness of inclusive cities were selected and analyzed. The results show that participation, empowerment, and management were identified as aspects of the ISC, while participation, accessibility, and interaction were those of the SIC. Participation emerged as a key aspect in realizing both concepts; however, the ISC emphasizes individual units (citizens) and technological means, whereas the SIC highlights group units (communities) and the implementation of activities.