Seasonal variations in place perception: analyzing winter and non-winter attributes of cold-climate urban environments

The growing emphasis on human-centered urban development has elevated the study of place perception in cities. While urban quality and livability are universal goals, place perception varies widely across regions due to environmental, climatic, and cultural differences. Most existing research focuses on warm climates, leaving a significant gap in understanding cold-climate cities – especially under winter conditions. This study investigates seasonal differences in place perception between winter and non-winter periods in cold cities. Results reveal distinct seasonal distributions in perception, with higher-level needs (e.g. playfulness, belonging) showing more variation than lower-level needs. The influence of street-level spatial elements on perception also changes seasonally and exhibits geographical heterogeneity, closely linked to street function. Advanced perceptions like playfulness and belonging display more dispersed spatial patterns and weaker ties to functionality – particularly belonging. These findings highlight the need for location-specific design strategies to address seasonally evolving perceptual demands.