Aquaporin-9 and endometriomas: pathophysiological insights from a case–control study

Introduction Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent condition characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial tissue, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying lesion persistence remain incompletely understood. Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water channels involved in cellular migration and proliferation, have been implicated in endometriosis pathophysiology, although data on AQP9 are limited.Methods This prospective case–control study evaluated AQP9 concentrations in serum, peritoneal fluid, and cervicovaginal secretions of women with ovarian endometriomas compared with healthy surgical controls. Twenty-seven women with unilateral endometrioma and 30 undergoing bilateral tubal ligation were included. AQP9 levels were measured using ELISA, and analyses included correlation testing, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and logistic regression adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), gravida and parity.Results Peritoneal fluid AQP9 concentrations were significantly higher in women with endometriomas than in controls (275 [58–669] vs. 171.5 [6.6–507] ng/mL, p = 0.023), whereas serum and cervicovaginal AQP9 levels showed no differences. ROC analysis demonstrated high sensitivity (92.6%) but limited specificity (43.3%). Logistic regression confirmed that peritoneal AQP9 > 128 ng/mL was independently associated with endometrioma (OR 4.40, 95% CI 1.66–29.28, p = 0.025). Serum AQP9 was inversely correlated with endometrioma size (p = 0.008).Conclusion Peritoneal AQP9 elevation reflects alterations in the local peritoneal microenvironment, supporting its potential role in the pathophysiology of endometriosis