Unlocking potentials of activity clusters in emerging informal settlement: case of Mlalakuwa neighbourhood, Dar es Salaam

Among the features of the fast-growing cities in the Global South is informal urbanisation, which is sometimes viewed as unplanned, disorderly, and unsustainable environments. Nonetheless, activity clusters are spatial concentrations of economic, social, and cultural practices that emerge as catalysts for the creation of livelihoods and the resilience of communities within informal settlements. This study explores the potential of activity clusters in fostering spatial development, socio-economic dynamics, and livelihood patterns within the emerging informal settlement of Mlalakuwa in Dar es Salaam. Using Mlalakuwa informal settlement as a case, a mixed-methods approach that combines spatial mapping, field observations, and stakeholder interviews, the research investigates how activity clusters shape land use patterns, support local economies, and influence social cohesion among the individuals. Due to the neighbourhood's location, the open spaces are impacted and under strain, which promotes spatial development for social and economic advantages. The current city’s Master Plan 2012–2032 shows Mlalakuwa surrounded by major activity clusters, which include economic hubs and public institutions. The findings reveal that these clusters play a crucial role in improving accessibility to services, enhancing economic opportunities, and strengthening local social networks, while also posing challenges related to congestion, environmental management, and infrastructure provision. The study makes the case for incorporating activity clusters into planning and urban policy frameworks as a means of achieving more equitable urban development by releasing these potentials.