Gendered social capital and adaptive capacity: exploring the role of women farmers in climate adaptation in Aotearoa New Zealand

In this paper we explore the role of gendered social capital in shaping the adaptive capacity of women farmers in Aotearoa New Zealand in response to climate variability and change. Drawing on semi-structured interviews conducted with women farmers across multiple regions in Aotearoa New Zealand, we examine how social networks and gender norms shape women's capacities to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Our findings demonstrate important gender differences in participation within social networks, with women farmers more often relying on informal, community-cantered social networks for both practical and emotional support and encounter marginalisation within male-dominated formal farming networks. These informal social networks proved critical for women sharing knowledge, skills, resources, and strategies, which enhanced their resilience to climate-induced stresses and shocks. However, the persistence of patriarchal norms in formal agricultural settings continue to restrict women's access to critical resources and decision-making roles. In this scoping study we underscore the need for gender-sensitive policies that recognise the significant contributions of women in agriculture and horticulture, support inclusive climate adaptation strategies, and engender more equitable access to social capital. By demonstrating these social dynamics, our study offers insights into the intersection of gender, social capital, and climate adaptation in the Global North, with wider implications for farming communities around the globe.